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Claims in Construction

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Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear All,

I would like to open up discussion about Claims in Construction. The goal of this discussion is to have the information of seniors and jouniors in planning and scheduling available in one thread.

The relevant topics that i have at the moment are:

I. Sources of Claims
1. Conditions of Contract (FIDIC, NEC, AIA, etc).
2. Commencement of Works
3. Program of Works
4. Payments
5. Change Orders
6. Delays
7. Unforeseen Conditions
8. Disputes
9. Quality
10. Warrenty Period

II. Preparation of Claims
1. Documents
2. Reviews and Expert Opinions
3. Similar situational claims

III. Claims resolution
1. Engineer Determination
2. Amicable Settlement
3. Dispute Review Boards
4. Arbitration
5. Mediation
6. Law

IV. Payment of Claims

V. The human side: Do you get additional business after submitting a claim?

Looking forward towards a great discussion that will benefit many. I will keep this thread updated with the latest knowledge for a while.

With kind regards,

Samer

Replies

Ali Osama
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Samer Zawaydeh
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Hi,

The following site has good information about Laws in UAE.

http://ilovetheuae.com

With kind regards,

Samer
Anvar Chagla
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Hi,

At the following site, we can get useful information about Claims in Construction.

http://en.allexperts.com/q/Construction-Law-914/

Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mai,

Can you please give us an example of what you mean, maybe we can find a way for you to model it.

For example, if you have Winter Days, maybe you can model it by putting an extra activity with the same duration at the end of the project with the same duration. Something simple and will provide you with what you want.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mike Testro
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Hi Mai

Concurrency is a very complex subject and different rules apply to specific scenarios.

It is quite common for delays caused by both sides of the contract to be concurrent in time.

The trick is sorting out the money when it happens.

There have been a number of threads on this topic so a PP search may give you more detail.

Best regards

Mike Testro
Mai Tawfeq
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Hi dears :

Is this right ? that the Delay cannot be concurrent with Excusable /Non-compensable delay.


regards
Samer Zawaydeh
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Hi,

This might be a good source as well, but I did not use it before:

American College of Construction Lawyers Journal at Thomson West:

This is the official journal of the College of Construction Lawyers, which contains articles written by experts in the field.

http://west.thomson.com/productdetail/141141/40490144/productdetail.aspx

With kind regards,

Samer
Samer Zawaydeh
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Hi Mike,

The site is showing a small amount. The people interested in this issue can pay it.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mike Testro
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Hi Samer

You need to be selected as a member and pay your subs before you get to be invited.

Best regards

Mike Testro
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mike,

It makes sense to listen to the practitioners. SCL is available in the Dubai for obvious reasons. So the best thing PP members can do in that region is at least attend these lectures.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mike Testro
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Hi Samer

I am a member of the SCL and attend the more interesting meetings in the UK.

Appart from anything else it is a good networking forum.

Best regards

Mike testro.
Samer Zawaydeh
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Hi PP,

The Society of Construction Law (SCL) has many branches and it holds meetings related to the subject. The below link is for the SCL in the Middle East. It would be good to meet with people with similar interests.

http://www.scl-gulf.org/links.php

With kind regards,

Samer
Mike Testro
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Hi All

Starting from Samer’s ambitious thread nr 1 this topic seems to have drifted into book catalogue to rival Amazon.

I have no need to read books on planning so I have lost interest.

Best regards

Mike Testro.
Samer Zawaydeh
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Hi,

I came across a now title that might be of interest to some who are working with FIDIC conditions of Contract:

FIDIC - A Guide for Practitioners
by Axel-Volkmar Jaeger, Götz-Sebastian Hök

With kind regards,

Samer
Samer Zawaydeh
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Hi,

This is a good source as well:

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL NORTHEAST SURETY AND FIDELITY CLAIMS CONFERENCEFile Format: www.forcon.com/papers/nesfcc/2002/Katsantonis.pdf - Similar

With kind regards,

Samer
Samer Zawaydeh
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Hi all,

This is a good paper I found that has a systematic approach and might be of benefit to some:

DELAY AND DELAY ANALYSIS: ISN’T IT SIMPLE?

www.icoste.org/SloveniaPlenaryLectures/icecFinal00189.pdf - Similar

With kind regards,

Samer
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mai,

I would like to bring to your kind attention that clause 11.9 under FIDIC addresses the Performance Certificate. The clause clearly states that the Contractor should have supplied all the Documents before issuing the certificate.

With kind regards,

Samer
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mai,

The drawings should have been ready before the request for final inspection has been submitted by the Contractor. This is part of the handing over process.

I would recommend that you send the Contractor 3 reminders. In each reminder, you mention the requirement, the clause in the contract, and that it is a deliverable that the Owner has paid for is already.

In the 4th letter, you inform the Contractor that since they have failed to provide the Contractual Deliverables, you are going to subcontract it to a professional Engineering firm, they will visit the site and prepare the drawings. You can communicate with three Engineering Firms during this time, get the quotations, make a summary table of quotations, and include the table of summary in your 4th letter.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mai Tawfeq
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My dears :

I Am working on design claim since a while the building under construction right now , and for final evaluating I requested the engineer to give me the list of drawings which are changed in each time the owner has given instruction to change, and still the balance of required documents didn’t forward it yet even several reminders addressed to him , so in such case what shall we do ? especially the owner insisted to have final resolution .



regards
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mai,

Performance bond is for the performance, and the Delay Penalty is for delays. The Contractor can Perform exceptionally well, but late few days. In this case, the Conditions of Contract can’t allow for Performance bond but allows for Delay Penalty.

The systematic monitoring and feedback to the Contractor about their progress is key to the success of the project and to avoid claims or to solve them as they arise.

With kind regards,

Samer
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Ameya,

The claim arise when one party reports something new to the Contract Documents.

If the claims are of small value, then this can be settled without any issues.

On average, as long the claims are supported with enough evidence of the right to claim (they are justified) then you can come to a logical understanding.

Unfortunately, a lot of the claim are not prepared well. Raised at the end of the Contact and after the Contractor finds out that they are losing money at the job. The client is overwhelmed with the new information, and side issues cause problems that will automatically require the Owner to ask for someone fresh to do the next job.

This is one side to the story.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mai Tawfeq
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Hi Dears:

Everyone consider that the LD should be only % X Penalties , but am telling everyone that the LDs as umbrella for many, we can use the performance bond to penal the contractor against any delay damages , some countries the delay damages can be adding black points on contactor trade license to punish him if he caused a huge delay damages especially in a projects are belong to the government.

Regards.
Ameya Kulkarni
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Hello Everyone,

I want to know more about the point raised by Mr. Samer

"V. The human side: Do you get additional business after submitting a claim?"

How does it affect the future business or does it, for any sizes of the project? What do all of yours’ experiences say about this?

Thanks,

Best Regards,

Ameya

Mike Testro
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Hi All

The significance of LAD’s was brought home to a Contractor recently on a large Oil & Gas installation.

I was assessing his entitlement for an EoT.

There were LAD’s attached to a number of Stage Milestones but none on the final completion date.

The Contractor was ahead on the milestones but was due to miss the final completion by about 6 weeks - but he wasn’t bothered because there were no LAD’s applied.

My team amd I did a quick calculation and told the Contractor that the unlimited damages that he faced were in the region of $80 million.

That focused his attention on an EoT quite rapidly.

Best regards

Mike Testro
Samer Zawaydeh
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Good morning NYC, greetings from Amman,

You have a very structured system for everthing Lawrence. The level you are talking about is very high, and the Contractors must be already qualified with a long track record and in good standing order. Creating a mess on the project or even under performance will not look good.

Once you have open tenders to the General Contractors in one or more categories, you will end up with plenty of quotations. Once you select the best technical and financial offer (assuming it is not only the lowest financial offer) then you find out whom you are going to work with. It is a different ball game, and luck has a lot to do with it.

With kind regards,

Samer
Lawrence Cuozzo
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I’ll throw in my 2 cents worth from New York City -

Every project that I have worked on has contained a Liquidated Damages clause. Of course, almost all of my projects were on operating subways or railroads where the late return of a particular area or track would delay revenue service. Years ago, if it was determined that the Contractor was late, he was assesed L.D.s per day, with no limit. Nowadays, they are "capped" at a certain percentage of the Contract value. I once worked on a bridge rehab project where the L.D.s were $100,000/day. Needless to say the contractor finished early, collecting a early finish incentive of $100,000/day.

As far as dealing with a non-reponsive contractor, I rarely encounter that these days. The contracting community for rail projects is small and all the contractors are well known. No contractor wants to jeopardize their reputation and be disqualified from bidding on a future project because of their failure to comply with the Contract. When the contractor fails to supply a required "recovery" schedule or is not serious about the schedule, we can actually withhold any progress payments until there is compliance. That clause is contained in our Contract’s "Terms & Conditions". As I previously mentioned, very few contractors around here ignore the scheduling provisions of the specifications. Oh, they may jerk you around a bit, but they know they have to comply.

Lawrence
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mai,

The concept is that you have a document which is the agreement between the two parties. In this document, the 1st party is the owner and the 2nd party is the Contractor. The agreement should have clauses description the works to be completed (deliverables/ scope) for the execution sequence (milestones/ if any) in a certain duration (time) and for a certain amount (cost/money). Usually this document should also distribute the Know and Unknown Risks between the two parties to the agreement of the two parties.

The document/agreement must abide by the laws of the Country. And if the party run away, you can go up one level and search the International Law agreements between countries.

So the answer to your question is that you have to review the document/agreement with the other party. If they are not achieving it, then you can use the following forms of disupte resolution before you go to the Country Law:

1. Amicable Settlement
2. Dispute Review Boards
3. Mediation
4. Arbitration

My recommendations are to understand what the source of the problem. Usually, the other party has entered the agreement in good intentions. Keeping that in mind, you need to understand what went wrong, and what is the best way to solve it. Spending time understanding the problems and the right solution is "usually" less expensive than any another form of dispute resolution.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mai Tawfeq
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Thanks Samer:

All that is acceptable if we are using FIDIC or referring in Contract Conditions to which FIDIC shall be applied , but in case this and this not existed , can we still dealing with contractor failing in achieving by same wise.

Regards.

Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mai,

Since you are using the FIDIC contract, then you need to refer to the Clause that you are notifying the Contractor with.

If you are the Client representative, and you are talking about the Schedule, then you refer to clause (8.3). When you give the Contractor a notice that the Schedule fails (to the extent stated) to comply with the Contact, then the Contractor has 28 days to submit another schedule as per this clause.

If you give the Contractor a similar notice under this clause more than once, then this is an indication that the Contactor failed to achieve this contractual requirement. Under these circumistances you can send the Contractor a notice that you will take corrective action to maintain the Contractual deliverables.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mai Tawfeq
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Hi:

Notification of Delay .

For example : I have send NOD this week and in each time am receiving progress report am sending other one back to back , is it right way ? or notifying the contractor has to be selectively, once a month .
Keeping in mind that the most NOD have not responded by the contractor even some time the contractor fully ignore it with no reaction .

regards.

Trevor Rabey
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In Australia, the word "penalty" is fastidiously avoided, even to the extent of stating that the LD is damages, not a penalty. Why? Because courts won’t enforce penalties, or anything which purports to be LDs but is so high and/or arbitrary as to obviously be penalties. Courts will only compensate for damage.
Many/most construction contracts, even residential housing, include LD.
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mike,

That i can do.

Usually these kinds of penalties are not present in the regular Contracts. I have seen it twice with International firms. Things went well, and there was no need to use them.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mike Testro
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Hi Samer

If you google Liquidated Damages you will get any number of hits from around the world which tend to support my simplistic definition.

As far as I know there are no on line contract forms that can be downloaded free of charge.

Beware any bespoke Contract that has an EoT clause but no associated LAD.

Damages will then be at large and could be ruinous.

Best regards

Mike Testro
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mike,

Is the Form on Contract in the UK published online somewhere? It would be interesting to read the exact definition.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mike Testro
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Hi Mai

The phrase usually reads as "Liquidated and Ascertained Damages"

These are a pre-contract estimate of what the financial loss is likely to be to the Employer if the project is delivered late.

The sum should not be set too high so as to constitute a penalty but should be a genuine estimate that limits the Contractor’s liability if he delays the work.

Extension of Time clauses are used to protect the Employers right to claim damages after the effect of any delays that he - the Employer - causes.

Best regards

Mike Testro
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mai,

The term Liquidated Damages is not used under FIDIC. The term Delay Damages (Clause 8.7) is used. This is usually specified in the appendix to tender and has an upper limit as well. Another delay can be inforced under Chapter 15, ’Termination by Employer’ and is related to the actual damaged that the Employer suffered due to the failure of the Contractor to complete the works.

If you have a Contract that is specifying more than one penalty, and they are referring to Liquidated Damages, then you need to review the Law of the Country at which the project is being executed. Usually, this term is used when the damages due to the delay can’t be determined with good degree of confidence at the start of the project. Usually this is used on sensitive projects or major projects that has real importance, say a Dam, Bridge in the middle of downtown, etc. The use of the clause must be coordinated very well with the Law of the country in order for it to be applied.

With kind regards,

Samer
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mai,

I am glad to be of service.

The Engineer DOESN’T APPROVE the Program of Works. This is a common mistake people make. This is what is stated under FIDIC clause (8/3)

’... Unless the Engineer, within 21 days after receiving a programme, gives notice to the Contractor stating the extent to which it does not comply with the Contract...’

The statement is clear, the Engineer doesn’t approve. The Engineer gives notice stating how the Program of Works in not complying with the Contract. I hope that the Contractual requirement of a FIDIC Contract is clear now.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mai Tawfeq
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Dear Samir:

When we mention (Provision for liquidated Damages) what we mean exactly ? and how could be ? .
please give me example...!


regards
Mai Tawfeq
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Hi Samir:

In fact , ur thread can be a much helpful for majority PE .
And I will start by work programme .
Shall programme approve or accept by the engineer / CR ?
in new FIDIC December 2006 it says : should be accepted (acceptance letter) to be signed by owner , consultant and contractor .


regards
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Trevor,

I think that the person what wrote the sentense wanted to be comprehensive, maybe he is not a lawyer.

Entitlement is a big issue. It must be read in conjunction with the Governing Law of the site at which it is located.
So even if the project is close and the final payment is made and the defect liability period is over, you can still get your right.

Even if you have such a clause, and if the Country’s Governing Law allows it, the party (if they can prove their right) can go to court and eventually get their right. Or course the battled amount should be sizable in order to afford the lawyers fees after 1-10 years in courts.

With kind regards,

Samer
Trevor Rabey
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That presentation document contains an example from a contract which has 80 words in a single sentence.
Do lawyers actually get paid for writing this gibberish?

"Subcontractor agrees that it shall not be entitled to nor
claim any cost reimbursement or damages for any delay,
obstruction, hindrance or interference to the Work,
except to the extent that General Contractor is entitled to
corresponding cost reimbursement, compensation or
damages from the Owner under the Contract Documents
and then only to the extent or amount, if any, which
General Contractor on behalf of Subcontractor actually
receives from the Owner on account of such delay,
obstruction, hindrance or interference."
Mike Testro
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Hi Samer

Hopefully it will benefit many.

Much respect and best regards

Mike Testro.
Samer Zawaydeh
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Dear Mike,

Thank you for your kind words. Problems are going to happen at site for the simple reason that Projects are complex. I keep telling my clients that you can not go and buy it from the supermarket. It’s not simple. Hence, the Contract Documents, standards, specifications, etc.

The aim is to serve PP members with answers to the best we can.

I will add new information on a daily basis. The subject matters that I started with is what I associated with the word claim.

Hopefully it will benefit a few. I spent the majority of the past few years solving managment problems at construction sites refering to COC, reviewing claims, rejecting and approving then, dispute resolution and that was after preparing claims for a good amount of years.

With kind regards,

Samer
Mike Testro
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Hi Samer

A very ambitious topic.

A form of contract is a means of sharing and distributing risk - and construction is a very risky enterprise.

Claims happen when the contract is not applied as it was intended to be - or at least how one of the parties thought it was intended to be.

Every claim stems from an unforeseen event that should have been covered in the text of the contract.

It all depends on what the words mean in whatever category the claim may fall.

Good luck with your topic.

Best regards

Mike Testro
Samer Zawaydeh
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Hi,

Attached is a link to a power point presentation about Construction Claims that I found online. It is general and good to read:

http://www.conrisk.com/documents/TheFundamentalsofConstructionContractsP...

With kind regards,

Samer